Tire building drum



March 21, 1933- .H. T. KRAFT 1.902,306

TIRE BUILDING DRUM Filed May 4, 1932 5 Sheets-Sheet l ATTORNEY March 21, 1933. H. T. KRAFT TIRE BUILDING DRUM Filed May 4, 1932 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 Y m// am T 0 m n W A m |I Q nmmfifim L 7/? fl/ QM. l.l Wm n? 1| .ia I vb l .3 3M I ww 9.! 3 w In mfii? I1 I NN 1 1. m V

H. T. KRAFT TIRE BUILDING DRUM March 21, 1933.

Filed May 4, 1932 3 Sheets-Sheet 5 INVENTOR Patented Mar. 21, 1933 smiths mam orrica 5 HERMAN T. KRAFT,' or AKRON, OHIO, ASSIGNQR To THE nnrnenwn'rnn MACHINE com any, or AKRON, onro, Acoaronnrron or OHIO Tran BUILDING DRUM Applicationfiled May 4, 1932. Serial Nb. 609,058.

This invention relatesto the art of building pneumatic tires, and particularly to collapsible drums or chucks such as used in the manufacture of tires by the flat band method.

When this band method of manufacturing pneumatic tires is employed, it is the practice to make the drum contractible sothat its di' ameter can bereduced to permit the removal of the flat band, since the edges of the band are smaller in diameter than the central por-' tion thereof. This collapsing of the drum is necessitated by reason of the fact that in tires constructed by the Hat band method relatively inextensible beads are employed,

One of the objects of the'present invention is to provide a collapsible tire-building drum with new and improved collapsing mechanism by which it may be readily and quickly contracted to permit ready removal of the completed band.

Another object is to provide a collapsible tire-building drum with quick operating collapsing mechanism which collapses or expands the drum in a single operation. 7

Another object is to provide a collapsible tire-building drum which is automaticaly expansible to operative position upon rotation thereof, and which is automatically collapsible to nonoperative position upon the appli cation of braking pressure to a part thereof.

.A further object is to provide a collapsible tire-building drum which shall have a maximum collapsing movement, and in which the greatest distance across the same, when collapsed, shall be materially less than the diameter thereof when expanded.

YVith the above and other objects in view, which will be apparent from the following detailed description, the present invention consists in certain features of construction and combinations of parts which will be read ily understood by those skilled in the art to which the invention appertains.

In the drawings, which illustrate one suit able embodiment of the invention,

Figure 1 is a side elevation of the tirebuilding drum in its expanded position, portions of the same being broken away and shown in section, and the collapsed position of the drum sections being shown in dotted Fig. 5 is asection'taken substantially on outline to showthe distanceacross the drum when the same is collapsed,as compared with the expanded position;

Fig. 2 is a small diagrammatic view showing the relative positions of the pairs of drum sections at the start ofthe collapsing movement; I

Fig. 3 is an enlarged section taken substantially on the line 33 of F ig. 1; I i

Fig. l is a front elevation of the tire-building drum showing the same in collapsed posifor one of the section links;

Fig. 6 1s a transverse section taken through the line 5-5 of Fig. 1 showing the mounting two of the drum sections showing the latch ing for limiting the movement of the sections when they are in expanded position; Fig. 7 is a section taken substantially on the line of Fig.3.

In collapsible tire-building drums heretofore known it has usually been the practice to either employ a key section about which the other drum sections collapse, or to provide fixed pivot points for two or more of the drum sections. Such constructions dovno-t provide for a maximum collapse of the drum, 7

and in many instances it is diflicult to quicklyremove the'tire band without distorting the same. It is the purpose of this invention to provide" a drum which may be quickly and automatically collapsed tofa maximum col-- lapsed position, and which will permitthe easy removal of the bands, andsmall diametered bands, without distortion thereof. l

Referring to the accompanying drawings, in which like numerals refer to like parts throughoutthe several views, the drum A comprises four arcuate sections arranged in pivoted pairs, the sections 1 and2 being pivoted together and the opposed sections 3-and it being likewise pivoted together. These four sections, when .in expanded position, form a cylinder upon which the tire band (not shown) is built. The sections 11:04 have a relatively wide outer surface 5 for the body of the band, and depressed surfaces'6 at the edges of. the surface for the tire v particularly 7 sired, thin bands 9, flush with the surface 5, may be secured to the sections to overlap the elements 6a and bridge the space between.

the elements 6a and the body of the sections when the elements 6a are adjusted axially away from the body portion of the sections.

The drum sections 1 and 2 are pivoted together by means of the pivot pin 10 which extends through the overlapping hinge lugs 11 and 12 formed on the inner surfaces of the drum sections 1 and 2, respectively. The drum sections 3 and 4 are correspondingly pivoted together by means of the pivot pin 13 which extends through the overlapping hinge lugs 14 and 15 formed on the inner surfaces of the drum sections 3 and 4, respecti'v'ely. The pins 10 and 13 are arranged diametrically opposite each other and are disposed in the plane of the abutting ends of the sections 1 and 2 and the abutting ends of the sections 3 and 4, substantially as shown in Figs. 1 and 4.

The ends of the drum sections 1 and 3, which abut each other when the drum is expanded, are cut at a relatively steep angle to provide slide faces 16, and the ends of the drum sections 2 and 4, which also abut each other when the drum is expanded, likewise are cut at an angle to provide slide faces 17. The faces 16 and 17 are directly opposite and parallel with each other, so that during the collapsing movement one pair of sections may be bodily moved as a unit relative 'to and transversely of the other pair, as indicated in Fig. 2, prior to pivotal movement of the pivoted sections 1 and 4.

Means are provided to properly locate one pair of sections relative to the other when the drum is expanded, and this may comprise, as here shown, latch bars 18 carried by the sections 1 and 4, and latch plates 19 carried by the sections 2 and 3. The plates 19 are provided with recesses 20 to receive the bars 18 and thereby limit the outward movement of the sections 2 and 3 relative to the sections 4 and 1, respectively, whereby the sections, when expanded, will form a perfect cylindrical surface.

The entire drum structure is supported upon a rotatable shaft 21, which is carried by a suitable standard or base 22, and which is driven by any suitable means. A suitable drum supporting body 26 is rigidly secured to the shaft 21 and this body 26 is provided at opposite sides with pivot brackets-27 to which the ends of opposed links 28 are pivoted by means of a pin 29. These links 28 extend outwardly in opposite directions away from the body 26, and are pivoted to the diametrically opposite drum sections 1 and 4 through the medium of a pin 30 surrounded by a resilient bushing 31 of rubber or other resilient material, which bushing is mounted within apertures formed in lugs 32 that are integral with the inner surfaces of the drum sections 1 and 4.

The opposite sides of the body 26 are provided with parallel'bores 33 arranged transversely of the shaft 21, and these bores 33 slidably receivesuitable racks 34 which are keyed against rotation within the bores 33, but are not constrained against sliding movement therein. The racks 34 at one side of the shaft 21 are secured, in a manner as will be later described, to the drum sections 2, and the racks 34 at the opposite side of the shaft 21 are secured to the drum section 3. The body 26 carries oppositeparallelpinion shafts 35 parallel with the axisrof the'main shaft 21, and these shafts are provided with 'pinions or pinion surfaces 36 whlch mesh with the racks 34,

so that, upon rotation of the pinion shafts 35, the pinions 36 will cause the racks '34 to move the sections 2 and 3 inwardly or outwardly, as the case may be. r

The pinion shafts 35 are each provided with a drive pinion 37 which meshes with a quill gear 38 that is either secured to or formed on an annular quill 39 which surrounds the shaft 21, and which abuts against the body 26. The quill 39 is connected through the medium of asecond sleeve 40 to a brake drum 24 which, when brake pressure is applied thereto by means of a suit-able brake band 25, has a tendency, since the body 26 is rotated by the shaft 21, to cause the quill gear 38 to remain stationary and the pinion 37 to rotate about the same, and thereby move the racks 34. The operation 'of this mechanism, however, will be later described in greater detail. A collet 23, attached to the quill 39, has opposed depressions 41 therein into which a detent or detents 42, as here shown, are pressed by springs42a when the.

drum is in its expanded position, thereby acting as a locking means to prevent any axial motion during the building of thetire. These detents, which are under spring load, are of such a resiliency that they are readily overcome by the restriction of the rotation of the quill gear 38, which allows the detents to leave the recesses and causes the drum to return to its collapsed position.

The means for securing the racks 34 to the drum sections 2 and 3 comprises a plate 43 through which the racks 34.for each drum section-extend, and to which these racks are secured by means of pins 44. These plates are adjustably secured to the drum sections, so that they can be adjusted transversely of the sections 1 and 4 reoasoe the axis of the pivotjshaft, as well as axially of the axis'of the pivot shaft. This is accomplished by means of spaced conical pins 45 carried by the drum sections which extend into recesses or conical openings 46 in the opposite sides of the plate'43. As shown in Fig. 3, itis thusobvious that, by loosening one of the pins 45 and tightening the other pin 45, the plates can be moved axially of the drum in order that the proper centering of the racks may be had with respect to the pinions 36. It may also be desired to provide a slight adjustment of the plate43 to properly locate the rack teeth with the teeth of the pinion 36,-andthis isa'ccomplished by providing spaced set screws 47 along the sides of the plate 43 which can be threaded inwardly against the drum section, so that, by loosening one set screw and tightening the other, the plate 43 can be given. a substantial rocking movement about the pins 45 as an axisto thereby locate the teeth in the rack with respect to the teeth of the pinion 36.

Referring to Figs. 1 and 3-, it is to be noted that the bodily movable sections'2 and 3 are each mounted upon a rack 34and are so secured to the racks that they may move bodily without any pivoting movement of anykind inwardly toward the center of thedrum or outwardly therefrom, as the case may be.

It is to be further noted that the section 1 is strained to move with the sections 2 and 3.

Since the sections 1 and 4, however, are pivoted and are connected with the body 26 through the pivot-ed links 28, it is obvious that, as the sections 2 and 3 mountedon the racks34 move outwardly or inwardly toward each other,-thelinks 28 will thereby cause to have a pivoting movement. 1,

In other words, the fixed, bodily movable sections 2 and 3 of the drum, which are securely attached to the parallel racks 34, carry the hinged movable sections 1 and 4, which latter sections are, in turn, connected by the links 28 to the body 26 in such a manner that during the collapsing movement the hinged sections 1 and 4 are brought into overlapping relation with the bodily movable sections 2 and 3 on the opposite side of the drum, thereby telescoping the four sections in a staggered position to secure the highest degree of collapsibility. The pivotal connections of the links with the pivoted drum sections and the body are so arranged that the hinged sections are brought into closer proximity to one another at a diiferentialrate throughout the entire degree of collapse.

The centrifugal eflect of the drum, when collapsed, is so distributed as to cause the drum to expand. into-operating position by rotation alone, and, vice versa,'the mechanism is so arranged th'at, up'on application of brakthe process of collapsing into such precise geometric ratio as to prevent any mechanical interference during their cycle of travel. Assuming, forthe purpose of illustration, that the drum is in extended position, that a tire band is completed, and that it is'de'sired to'remove the same from the tire-building drum, the operator of the machine merely ;op 1

erates-the brake 25, which 'hasa tendency to resist the rotation of the drum 24, and consequently the quill 39 having thev teeth 38 thereon. Since the shaft 21 is in rotation, it is obvious that, whenthe rotation of the gear the gear 38, with the result that these pinions 37 cause the pinions 36, which are attached to the pinion shafts, to actuate the racks 34 inwardly toward the center of the tire-building drum, with the further result that the sections 2 and 3 move inwardly toward each other, which brings them inside of the-ends ofthe pivoted sections 1 and 4, respectively, substantially as shown in Fig. 2.

In other words, during the start of the collapse, the connected sections 1 and2 move as 19b 38 is restricted, the pinions 37' roll around 7 a unit relative to the connected sections .3

and 4, which is caused by the inclined abutting ends 16 of the sections 1 and 3 and the inclined'abutting ends 17 of the sections2 and 4. This'initial collapse occurs, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, before any pivoting movement of the sections 1 and 4 is obtained up to the time that the links 28 approximate their dead center position, the rubber bushings 31 serving to permit this slight yielding, dueto the movement past dead center position. Upon "further rotation of the shaft 21 with the braking pressure applied to the brake drum 24, the sections 2 and 3 move further inwardly toward each other, and the sections 1 and 4 then start to pivot inwardly by reasonof the links 28 which are connected to the supporting body 26, so that uponthis furthercontinued movement of the sections 2 and 3,

the sections 1 and 4 extend over the sections 3 and 2, respectively, and are gradually drawn inwardly toward the sections 2 and 3 during theinward movement of such sections .2 and 3, so that by the time sections 2 and 3 reach their maximum collapsed position, the

sections 4 and 1, respectively, "are substantially nested-above the sections 2 and 3, as

shown in Fig.4.. v a

It is to be noted that the maximum width across the drum, when it is in collapsed position, is materially less than the diameter of the drum when it is in the expanded position, which greatly assists in the removal of the tire bands from the drum. This decrease in width is clearly indicated in Fig. 1 by comparison of the solid extended outline of the drum with the dotted collapsed outline of the drum. 7

When it is desired to again place the drum in operation and expand the-same, it is merely necessary to start the shaft 21 rotating. Themechanism has-a suflicient freedom of movement to permit the drum sections to move outwardly to their completely extended position by centrifugal force alone. The outward expanding movement of the drum sections is limited and stopped as soon as the latch bars engage with the recesses 20 in the latch plates 19, which circumferentially align the drum sections. Also, the d-etents 42, when the drum sections are in their expanded positions, drop into the recesses formedin the collet 40. The links 28, when the sections-are extended, swing past their dead center position and serve as a yielding lock toassistin preventing inadvertent collapsing of the drum sections.

It is thus obvious that the tire-building drum of the present'invention is automatic in its operation with respect to its collapsing and extending movement,

It is further obvious that, because of the particular movement of these drum sections, the sections can be brought to a maximum fiat position, as indicated in Fig. 4. The'mech-anism for expanding and collapsing the drum is relatively simple, and hasan unrestricted freedom o'f movement.

Furthermore, it is to be understood that formal changes may be made in the specific embodiment of the invention described without departing from the spirit and substance of the broad invention, the scope of which is commensurate with the appended claims.

What I claim is:

1. In a tire-building drum, two pairs of drum sections, each pair comprising a bodily movable section and a pivoted section, each pivoted section being pivoted at one end to a bodily movable section and being engageable at its other end with one end ofthe other of said bodily movable sectionaa shaft for supporting and rotating said sections as a unit, means carried by said shaft for'moving said bodily movable sections toward each other, and means carried by said shaft'and connected with said pivoted sections for-pivoting and guiding said pivoted sections in close overlapping relation with said bodily m'ovable sections upon movement of said bodily movable sections toward each other.

2. In a tire-building drum, two pairs of drum sections, each pair comprising a bodily 7 movable section and a pivoted section, each pivoted section being pivoted at one end to a bodily movable section and being engageable at its other end with one end of the other of said bodily movablesections, a shaft for supporting and rotating said sections as a unit, asupporting body secured to said shaft, means carried bysaid body and shaft for moving said bodily movable sections toward each other, and links pivoted to said supporting body and to said pivoted sections for pivoting and guiding said pivoted sections in closeoverlapping relation with said bodily movable sections upon movement of said bodily movable sections toward each other.

3. In a tire-building drum, two pairs of drum sections, eachpair comprising a bodily movable section and a pivoted section, each pivoted section being pivoted at oneend to a bodily'movable section and being engageable at its other'end with one end of the other of said bodily movable'sections, a shaft for supporting and rotating said sections as a unit, a supporting body secured to said shaft, means carried by said body and shaft for moving said bodily movable sections toward each other,.and' links pivoted to said supporting body and to said'pivoted sections for pivoting and guiding said pivoted sections in close overlapping relation with said bodily movable sections upon movement of said bodily movable sections toward each other,

the pivotal connections of said links with said pivoted sections being relatively close to the pivotalconnections of said pivoted and bodily movable sections.

4. In a tirebuilding drum, two pairs of drum-sections, each pair comprising a bodily movable section and a'pivoted section, each pivoted section being pivoted at one end to a bodily movable section and being engageable at its other end with one end of the other of said bodily movable sections, a shaft for supporting and rotating said sections as a unit,

a supporting body secured to said shaft, means carricdby said body and shaft for moving said bodily movable sections toward each other, and links pivoted to said supporting body and to said pivoted sections for pivoting and guiding said pivoted sections in close overlapping relation with said bodily movable sections upon movement of said bodily movable sections toward each other, the abutting surfaces of the ends of the pivoted section of each pair with the bodily' movable section of the other pair being angu- =lar, and said links being arranged at initial movement of said bodily movable sections to pass a dead center position'whereby upon said lnltlill movement said pairs of sections may shift relative to each other to move said pairs out of circumferential alignment.

5. In a tire building drum, two pairs of drum sections, each pair comprising a bodily movable section and a pivoted section,each

moving said bodily movable sections toward each other, and links pivoted to said supi )ortin bod and to said ivoted'sections for pivoting and guiding said pivoted sections in close overlapping relation with said bodily movable sections upon movement. of said bodily movablesections toward each other, the pivotal connections between said links and pivoted sections comprising pins extend ing through said links, pivot lugs carried by said pivoted sections and resilient bushings within said lugs and surrounding said. pins.

6. In a tire building drum, two pairs of drum sections, each pair comprising a bodily movable section and a pivoted section, each pivoted section being pivoted at one end to a bodily movable section and being engageable at its other end with one end of the a other of'said bodily movable sections, a shaft for supporting and rotating said sections as a unit, a supporting body secured to said shaft, rack members secured to said bodily movable sections and being longitudinally guided in said body transversely of the axis of said shaft, rack pinions rotatably carried by said body and being in meshed en gagement with said racks, meansfor rotating saidrack pinions whereby said pinions cause said racks to move said bodily movable sections toward each other, and links pivoted to said supporting body and to said pivoted sections for pivoting and guiding said pivoted sections in close overlapping relation with said bodily movable sections.

7. Ina tire-building drum, two pairs of drum sections, each pair comprising a bodily movable section and a pivoted section, each pivoted section being pivoted at one end to a bodily movable section and being engageable at its other endwith one end of the other of said bodily movable sections, a shaft for supporting and rotating said sections as a unit, a supporting body secured tosaid shaft, links pivoted at their inner ends to said body and at their outer ends to said pivoted sections, racks carried by saidbody at opposite sides of said shaft and being longi-' tudinally guidedtherein transversely of said shaft, the rack at one side of said shaft extending in one direction and secured to a bodily movable section and the rack at the other side of said shaft extending in the opposite direction and being secured to the other bodily movable section, pinions carried by said body and meshing with said racks and means for rotating said pinions.

8. In a tire-building drum, two pairs of drum sections, each pair comprising a bodily movable section and a pivoted section, eachpivoted section being pivoted at one endto a bodily movable section and being'engageable at, its other end with one end of. the

other of said bodily movable sections, a shaft for supporting and rotating said sections as a unit, a supporting body secured to said vshaft, links pivoted at their inner endsto said body and at their outer ends to said pivoted sections, racks carried by said body at opposite sides-of said shaft and being longitudinally guided therein transversely of saidsha-ft, the rack at one side of said shaft extending in one direction and secured to-a bodily movable section andcthe rack at the V other side of said shaft extending in the opposite direction and being secured to the other bodily movable section, pinions car.- ried by said body and meshing with said racks and means for rotating said pinions,

said last means including drive pinions for said first pinions and a'quill gear meshed therewith and brake means forrestricting rotation ofsaidquill gear during rotation of said shaft whereby saiddrive pinions may rotate about said quill gear and cause said racks to move said bodily movable sections toward-each other. I 7

,9. In a tire-building drum, two pairs of drum sections, each pair comprising a bodily movable section and a pivoted section, each pivoted section being pivoted at one end to a bodily movable section and being engageable at its other end with one end of the other of said bodily movable sections, a shaft forsupporting and rotating said sections as a unit, means carr ed by sa1d shaft for movmg said bodilymovable sectlons toward each other, and means carried by said shaft and connected with said pivoted sections for piv-x oting and guiding said pivoted sections in close overlappng relation with said bodily movable sections upon movement of said bodily movable sections toward each other, said sections being movable outwardly from their overlapped collapsed position to their circumferentially aligned extended position by centrifugal force during rotation of said shaft. o I

a 10. In a tire-building drum, two pairs of drum sections, each pair comprising a bodily movable sectionand a pivoted section, each pivoted section being pivoted at one end to a bodily. movable section and being. engageable at its other end with one end of" the other of said bodily movable sections, a shaft for-supporting and rotating said sections as a unit, meanscarried by said shaft for movingsaid bodily movable sections toward each other, and means carried by said shaft and connected with said pivoted sections for pivoting and guiding said pivoted sections in close overlappng relation with said bodily movable sections-upon ;movement of 7 said bodily movable sectionstowa'rd each other,

said sections being movable outwardly from their overlapped collapsed position to *their circumferentially aligned extended position by centrifugal force during rotation of said shaft, said sections having latch means for circumferentially aligning the same.

11; In a tire building drum, two pairs of drum sections, each pair comprising a shaft and connected with said pivoted sections for pivoting and guiding said pivoted sections inclose overlapping relation with said-bodily movable sections upon movement of said bodily movable sections toward each other, said sections being movable outwardly from their overlapped-collapsed position to their circumferentially aligned extended position by centrifugal force during rotation of said shaftythe free ends of the pivoted sections of each pair and the adjac'entends of the bodily-movable sectionsof the other pair having cooperating latch platesand bars to circumferentially alignsaid sections. I

'12. In a tire-building drum, a'pair of dia- '-metrically opposed arcuate drum sections,

each being bodily movable relative to the other, a pair of pivoted arcuate drum sec- 'tions, eachextendingbetween the first drum sections and being pivoted to'oneof said first sections, and means operable during rotation of said-drum to bodily move said first-drum sections toward each other andto swing said pivoted sections into close graduallv increasing overlapping relation with said first sections.

18. In a tire-building drum, two pairs of drum sections, each pair comprising a'bodily' movable section and a pivoted section, each pivoted section being pivoted at oneend to a bodily movable section and being engageable at its other end with one end of the other of said bodily movable sections, a shaft for supporting and rotating said sections as a unit, and means operable during rotation of said shaft for moving said bodilv movable seotionstoward each other and pivoting said pivoted sections into overlapped 'l with said bodily movable sections. the dis-' tance between the pivotal axes'of the opposed pivoted sections being gradually decreased during movement of saidbodily movable sections toward'each other.

14. In a-tire-building drum, abodily movable arcuate drum section, arotarv shaft, a supporting "body secured to said shaft and havmg a bore therein arranged transversely of the 'axis'of'said shaft, a rack guided for 'slidable movement in said'bore, a rotary'pmion carried by said body and being lIlIIlQSl'l- 'ing engagement with said rack'whereby to move said rack, means'for rotatlng said 13111 ion during'rotation of said shaft, and-means for securing said rackto said-drum section,

said last means comprising a plate pivoted tosaid drum section, and screw members extending through said plate at opposite sides of the pivotalaxisof said plate andengaging *saidsection to adjust the ang'le between-said rack and drum section.

15. -In-a tire-buildingdrum, abodily movable 'arcuate drum section, a rotarv sh'afty-a supporting body secured to said shaft and having a bore therein arranged transversely of the -aX1sof said shaft, 21THICk:. Il.'l1 ClGd.iIliDI slidable movement in-said bore, arotarypinv ioncarried by said body and being 'in 'meshing engagement with said rack whereby to move saidrack, means for rotatingsaid pinion during-rotationiof said shaftyand means for securing said rackto-said-drumsection,

said last means comprising opposed conical shaped pivot plns earned by said drumse'c tion parallel with the axis of-said shaft, "a plate securcd to said rack and having "opposed conical openings IBCGlVlIlQ said pins,

and means-extending through said plate-and engaging said drum section to prevent inadverent pivoting of said plate on said ;p'ins.

16. Inatire buildingdrum, abodily movable arcuate drumsection, azrotarv shaft,-a

supporting body secured to saidsha'ft :and,

having a bore therein'arranged transversely of the axis of said shaft-{a rack guideiil'for slidablemovement in said bore, a 'rotary pinion carried by said body and beinginmes'hing engagement with said rackwherebyftomove,

said rack, means for rotating said pinion during rotationcf said shaft, and means for securing said rack'to said drum section, said last means comprising opposed conical shapedp'ivot pinsvcarried by said drum sec-.

'tion parallel with the axis of said shaft, -a

plate secured to said rack and having opposed conical openings receiving said pins, and means extending through said plate and engaging said drum section to preventinad. vertent pivoting of said plate on said pins, saidpivot pins being adjustable whereby said rack may be positioned axially of said drum section. Y

In testimony whereof I aflix my signature-- HERMAN T. KRAFT. 

